HOW AR IS REVOLUTIONIZING FACTORY OPERATIONS AND MANUFACTURING PRODUCTIVITY

K.A. Gerardino details the transformative impact of augmented reality (AR) on factory operations and manufacturing efficiency.

• Marker-based AR: This type of AR uses a specific image or symbol, called a marker, to trigger the digital content. The device recognizes the marker and overlays the digital content on or around it. For example, you can scan a QR code on a poster and see a video or a website related to it.
• Marker-less AR: This type of AR does not use markers, but instead uses sensors, such as GPS, gyroscope, or accelerometer, to determine the location and orientation of the device. The device then overlays the digital content based on the user’s position and movement. For example, you can use Google Maps to see directions or landmarks on your screen as you walk or drive.
• Projection-based AR: This type of AR uses a projector to display the digital content directly onto real objects or surfaces. The user can interact with the projected content by touching it or moving it. For example, you can use a projector to create a virtual keyboard on your desk and type on it.
• Superimposition-based AR: This type of AR replaces or enhances the view of a real object with a digital one. The device recognizes the shape and appearance of the real object and replaces it with a digital version. For example, you can use an app to try on different hairstyles or clothes on your image.

• Training and upskilling: AR can provide hands-free and interactive work instructions to workers, helping them learn new skills and tasks faster and more accurately. For example, GE Aviation used smart glasses to guide its mechanics in assembling engines, reducing errors, and increasing productivity.
• Assembly: AR can help workers assemble complex products by showing them the right parts, tools, and steps to follow. For example, LightGuide Systems uses projection-based AR to illuminate the work area and provide visual cues to workers.
• Maintenance: AR can help technicians diagnose and repair problems by providing them with relevant information and guidance. For example, SAP offers an AR solution that connects remote experts with field workers via video calls and annotations.
• Design: AR can help engineers and designers visualize and test new concepts and prototypes in a realistic environment. For example, Ford uses AR to create 3D models of cars and modify them in real-time.
• Collaboration: AR can help workers communicate and share information across different locations and devices. For example, Microsoft HoloLens enables workers to collaborate on holographic models and documents.

AR Trends in Manufacturing
AR is shaping the future of manufacturing by enabling new ways of designing, producing, and delivering products and services. AR can help manufacturers to create more efficient, flexible, and sustainable processes, as well as improve the quality, safety, and customer satisfaction. AR can also provide a competitive edge for manufacturers in the global market, as they can offer more value-added and customized solutions. AR is not only a technology, but also a strategic tool that can transform the manufacturing industry and create a more intelligent, more connected world.

Cross-platform AR
This trend refers to the development of AR solutions that can run on different devices and platforms, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, smart glasses, and head-mounted displays (HMDs). This can enable manufacturers to access AR content easily and conveniently without being limited by hardware compatibility. For example, a company that produces furniture could use a cross-platform AR app to visualize how its products would look in different settings and environments.

AR Glasses
This trend refers to the emergence of AR glasses that can project digital information onto the user’s field of view. AR glasses can offer a more immersive and hands-free experience than other AR devices, as they can overlay data and graphics in the real world without requiring the user to hold or look at a screen. For example, a company that manufactures electrical equipment could use AR glasses to provide their workers with real-time instructions, feedback, and alerts during assembly, maintenance, and repair operations.

Predictive Maintenance
This trend refers to the use of sensor data and artificial intelligence (AI) to detect failure patterns in machinery and components. The idea is that by understanding when a machine or part is likely to fail, manufacturers can take preventative action and maintain their equipment more effectively. For example, a company that produces car engines could use an AR platform to provide its technicians with detailed instructions for disassembling an engine.

Spatial Audio
This trend refers to the use of sound to enhance the immersion of AR experiences. Spatial audio can create a realistic and natural sound environment that matches the visual content of AR. For example, a company that manufactures aircraft parts could use an AR system to compare the actual parts with the design models and detect any deviations. The system could also use spatial audio to guide the user through the inspection process by providing auditory cues and feedback.

AR in Marketing
This trend refers to the use of AR to promote and sell products and services in the manufacturing industry. AR can help manufacturers showcase their products in an interactive and engaging way, as well as provide customers with more information and value propositions. For example, a company that produces medical devices could use an AR app to demonstrate how their products work and how they can benefit patients.

Implementing AR in an Existing Manufacturing Business
The first step in implementing AR in an existing manufacturing business is to develop and define specific use cases for the technology. It involves assessing the business’s existing processes and technologies and determining which tasks can be enhanced or automated through AR. Some of the possible use cases for AR in manufacturing are:

• Logistics: AR can help workers quickly and accurately identify and track assets in real-time, such as inventory, tools, or parts. AR can also display key performance indicators (KPIs) of the equipment, such as temperature, pressure, or speed.
• Complex assemblies: AR can provide workers with step-by-step instructions and 3D models of the products they need to assemble, reducing errors and downtime.
• Quality assurance and inspection: AR can help workers detect defects, errors, or deviations from the standard by comparing the actual product with the digital model. AR can also provide feedback and suggestions for improvement.

• Unity: This is a cross-platform game engine that allows developers to create interactive 3D content for various devices. It supports both native and web-based AR development using frameworks such as AR Foundation, Vuforia, EasyAR, Wikitude, and WebXR. Unreal Engine: This is another cross-platform game engine that enables developers to create realistic 3D content for various devices. It supports native AR development using frameworks such as Unreal Engine’s own XR Plugin Framework, Google’s ARCore, Apple’s ARKit, Magic Leap’s Lumin SDK, and Microsoft’s Mixed Reality Toolkit (MRTK).
• WebAR: This is a term that refers to web-based AR applications that run on browsers without requiring any additional software or hardware. It uses web standards such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, WebGL, WebAssembly, WebRTC, WebAudio, etc., to create immersive experiences. Some examples of WebAR platforms are 8th Wall, Zappar, A-Frame, Three.js, Babylon.js, etc.

• Smart glasses: These are wearable devices that project digital information onto the user’s field of view. They allow hands-free operation and interaction with the environment. Some examples of smart glasses are Microsoft HoloLens 21, Google Glass Enterprise Edition 2, Vuzix Blade, and Epson Moverio BT-300.
• Smartphones and tablets: These are handheld devices that use their cameras and screens to display digital information on top of the real world. They are widely available and easy to use but require manual operation. Some examples of smartphones and tablets that support AR are the iPhone 12 Pro, Samsung Galaxy S21 Ultra, iPad Pro, and Lenovo Tab P11 Pro.
• Head-mounted displays (HMDs): These are devices that cover the user’s eyes and provide a fully immersive experience. They block out the real world and replace it with a virtual one. They are mostly used for VR but some models also support AR. Some examples of HMDs are Oculus Quest 2, HTC Vive Pro 2, Valve Index, and Sony PlayStation VR.

• User interface (UI): This refers to how users interact with the AR application, such as through gestures, voice commands, buttons, menus, etc. The UI should be clear, consistent, responsive, and easy to use.
• User experience (UX): This refers to how users feel when using the AR application, such as satisfaction, enjoyment, comfort, etc. The UX should be immersive, meaningful, relevant, and fun.
• Content: This refers to the digital information or images that are displayed on the AR application, such as text, graphics, animations, videos, etc. The content should be accurate, informative, attractive, and appropriate for the context and purpose.
• Performance: This refers to how well the AR application runs on the device, such as speed, stability, battery life, etc. The performance should be optimized, reliable, and efficient.

• Functional testing: This checks whether the AR application works as intended and meets the functional requirements and specifications.
• Usability testing: This checks whether the AR application is easy to use and provides a positive user experience.
• Compatibility testing: This checks whether the AR application works well with different devices, platforms, systems, and environments.
• Security testing: This checks whether the AR application protects the data and information from unauthorized access or misuse.
• Performance testing: This checks whether the AR application runs smoothly and efficiently on the device.

• Distributing the AR application to the target users or customers through various channels, such as app stores, websites, QR codes, etc.
• Updating the AR application regularly to fix bugs, improve features, add new content, etc.
• Monitoring the AR application’s performance, usage, feedback, etc., to measure its impact and effectiveness.
• Providing support and assistance to the users or customers who encounter any issues or problems with the AR application.

• Implementation cost: AR requires a significant investment in hardware, software, and infrastructure, which can be prohibitive for small and medium-sized manufacturers. For example, IKEA’s AR app, which allows customers to visualize furniture in their homes, costs between $30,000 to $60,000 to develop and implement.
• Technology and skills gaps: AR is a relatively new and complex technology that requires specialized knowledge and skills to use and maintain. Many manufacturers lack the talent and expertise to implement AR solutions effectively. Additionally, some workers may resist or be reluctant to adopt AR due to generational or cultural differences.
• Lack of standardization and interoperability: There is no universal standard or protocol for AR technology, which makes it difficult to integrate with existing systems and processes. Different AR devices and platforms may have different requirements and specifications, which can create compatibility issues and increase complexity.
• Security and privacy risks: AR involves collecting, processing, and displaying sensitive data and information, which can pose security and privacy risks. Manufacturers need to ensure that their AR solutions comply with relevant regulations and protect their intellectual property and customer data from unauthorized access or misuse.
• Ethical and social implications: AR canhave ethical and social implications for both workers and customers. For example, AR can affect the autonomy, dignity, and well-being of workers by monitoring their performance, behaviour, or emotions. It can also influence the perception, decision-making, or behaviour of customers by manipulating their reality.

• The increasing popularity of smartphones and app integration, which enable users to access AR content easily and conveniently.
• The growing adoption of AR technology by healthcare industry incumbents, who use it for diagnosis, treatment, training, and remote assistance.
• The rising demand for AR devices and applications in education, gaming, and entertainment, which provide immersive and interactive experiences for learners and gamers.
• The emergence of 5G networks, which offer high-speed and low-latency connectivity for AR applications.
• The development of innovative AR hardware and software components, such as head-mounted displays (HMDs), smart glasses, head-up displays (HUDs), handheld devices, marker-based and marker-less technologies, and cloud-based platforms.

Conclusion
The barriers to AR adoption in manufacturing are understandable, but not impossible. AR is a relatively new and complex technology that requires a lot of investment, training, and integration. Not all manufacturers may be ready or willing to use AR, especially if they have other priorities or challenges. However, AR has a lot of potential benefits for manufacturing, such as improving efficiency, quality, safety, and customer satisfaction. It can also help manufacturers gain a competitive edge in the global market, as they can offer more value-added and customized solutions. Therefore, manufacturers who are interested in using AR should overcome the barriers by following some of the steps mentioned in this article.

AR is a powerful technology that can transform the manufacturing industry and create a more intelligent, more connected world. Nevertheless, it also requires a careful planning and implementation process that considers the potential barriers and how to overcome them.

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